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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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050189
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05018900.037
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1990-09-17
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NATION, Page 39Death on a DreadnoughtA blast kills 47 and reignites debate over the battleship's role
The battleship Iowa is believed to have made it through World
War II and the Korean War without a single officer or crew member
being killed in combat. But last week, in one of the worst
accidents in recent U.S. military history, an explosion in the
second gun turret of the 46-year-old vessel took the lives of 47
young sailors. At week's end investigators were still trying to
determine the cause of the blast as the Iowa steamed toward its
home port of Norfolk, Va. Defective electrical wiring, a damaged
firing mechanism in the ship's gun system or even an errant spark
may have been at fault. The tragedy ignited a new debate over the
usefulness of the old dreadnoughts in the nuclear age.
The Iowa and three similar warships were built during World War
II and designed to withstand shelling from Japan's battleships. The
Iowa was fitted with nine 16-in. guns capable of propelling shells
weighing as much as 2,700 lbs. a distance of 23 miles. Three
six-story turrets holding the guns were encased in armor up to 17
1/2 in. thick. When last week's explosion occurred during training
exercises about 330 miles off Puerto Rico, that protective armor
turned the turret into a tightly sealed pressure cooker.
After the Korean War, the Iowa-class battleships were
mothballed. But John Lehman, Ronald Reagan's first Navy Secretary,
wanted to bring back the behemoths -- weighing in at 58,000 tons
when fully loaded -- in his quest for a 600-ship Navy. Military
reformers argued that battleships were obsolete, the products of
a technology that has gone essentially unchanged for 50 years. The
Navy proposed to modernize the vessels by replacing one of their
three gun turrets with cruise-missile launch batteries. That plan
was later discarded.
In 1983 Reagan sent the U.S.S. New Jersey to Lebanon, where it
fired shells at Syrian and Druze positions with a high rate of
inaccuracy. While many military experts argued that battleships
simply provide an empty show of force, defenders of the
dreadnoughts responded that in some situations they are invaluable
in projecting a nation's power and determination. "In peacetime the
mission is political presence," says naval analyst Norman Polmar,
"and they are very impressive for that." But they are also quite
expensive. While cheaper to operate than an aircraft carrier, each
of the four active battleships consumes $80 million a year in
operations and support costs.
Moreover, battleships lack antisubmarine and antiaircraft
capability. While there is no way to modernize the 16-in. guns with
safer automatic loaders, battleships could be converted to
cruise-missile platforms, reducing the number of crew members and
retiring the old-fashioned bagged-powder firing system. Refitting
the ships with 320 Tomahawk cruise missiles apiece, as the Navy
once proposed, would cost more than $1 billion a vessel, an
unlikely expenditure at a time of shrinking Pentagon budgets. But
if the damage to the Iowa is beyond repair, the Navy may have no
choice but to replace the burned-out turret with a cruise-missile
loader -- or retire the old battlewagon once and for all.